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"The traditional names of the pharaohs have been in use for over two thousand years. In most cases, these are ancient approximations of their original names, derived from Greek historians in antiquity. It was only in the past two centuries that the true names of the pharaohs were fully revealed, following the decipherment of the hieroglyphs 200 years ago."

"The Bible only mention the names of four minor pharaohs of the Late Period, otherwise the kings of Egypt are simply known as Pharaoh. In antiquity, Greek historians who visited Egypt encountered the names of kings from that country which were unknown to them. They attempted to approximate these names into Greek, but the resulting transcriptions were not entirely accurate, as might be expected. Manetho, an Egyptian priest who flourished in the first half of the third century BC, is the principal source for the chronology of ancient Egypt. He composed Aegyptiaca, "The History of Egypt," by combining material from the sacred temple archives with popular traditions, legends, and narratives. The majority of the names currently in use for pharaohs originate from Manetho, or more specifically, from quotations preserved by historians writing several centuries later. Manetho's dynasties established the fundamental chronology of ancient Egypt."

"It is inevitable that errors and corruption will occur in subsequent copies over the centuries. These may range from simple misunderstandings of the text to outright alterations and omissions. The names that had been preserved by Manetho were widely recognised and constituted the initial point of reference for Champollion when he embarked upon deciphering of the cartouches of kings. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the advent of the new science of Egyptology and the gradual revelation of the original names of the pharaohs."

"This was originally created during the reign of Thutmose III for honouring celebrated ancestors and was located in the south-west corner of the Akh-Menu Hall at the Great Temple at Karnak. On display at the Louvre in Paris."

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The king lists of antiquity